ledger-rs/doc/glossary.md

Glossary & Usage Guide

Coming from classical accounting? See accounting-mapping.md for how journals, entries, and ledgers map onto Kuatia's transfers, postings, and books.

Terms

Posting

A signed amount of one asset owned by one account. The fundamental unit of value in the ledger. Postings are immutable once created — consumed postings are marked Inactive but never deleted.

• Positive posting: value controlled by the account.
• Negative posting: an offset position — allowed on any policy except NoOverdraft. It represents issuance, external flow, system balancing (SystemAccount, ExternalAccount), or an overdraft (CappedOverdraft/UncappedOverdraft).

Lifecycle: Active → PendingInactive (reserved by a saga, stamped with its ReservationId) → Inactive (consumed). Ledger balance sums Active + PendingInactive postings; available balance sums only Active (postings reserved for an in-flight transfer are not available to spend).

Account

A versioned entity that owns postings. Balance is never stored — it is always the sum of non-inactive postings for a given (account, asset) pair.

Accounts have a policy (balance floor rule), flags (lifecycle + user-defined), and a book assignment.

Asset

An identifier (AssetId(u32)) representing a unit of value — a currency, a product, a token. Each asset is an independent conservation boundary: the sum of consumed postings must equal the sum of created postings per asset in every transfer.

Movement

The intent layer's building block: { from, to, asset, amount }. Movements express what should happen. The ledger resolves them into concrete postings.

Transfer

One or more movements to execute atomically. Built via TransferBuilder, committed via ledger.commit(transfer).

Envelope

The resolved, concrete form of a transfer: which postings to consume and which to create. Produced internally by the resolve step. Available for direct use via commit_atomic(envelope).

Book

A Book is a transfer policy scope — it gates which accounts and assets may participate in a transfer. Note what it is not:

• It is not the classical accounting journal (the chronological book of entries). That role is played by the append-only transfer log itself.
• It does not partition balances. Accounts and their balances are global; a Book only gates who can transact with whom in what context.

A book is { id, name, policy }, where the policy (BookPolicy) holds:

• allowed_assets — if non-empty, only these assets may appear in movements.
• allowed_flags — if non-empty, accounts with ANY of these flags may participate.
• allowed_accounts — if non-empty, these specific accounts may participate (in addition to flag matches).

An empty policy (no restrictions) allows any account and any asset.

Conservation

For every transfer, for each asset: sum(consumed) == sum(created). This is the double-entry-style safety invariant (the UTXO-model equivalent of Σ debits = Σ credits), enforced at the type level. No value is created or destroyed — it only moves.

AutoId

Snowflake-inspired i64 identifier: [0 sign bit][40-bit ms timestamp][23-bit counter or CRC32]. The timestamp counts milliseconds since KUATIA_EPOCH_MS (2026-01-01T00:00:00Z), giving ~34.8 years of range going forward. Generated in Rust — the database never assigns IDs.

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Usage Examples

Example 1: Currency Exchange

An exchange lets users deposit fiat, trade between currencies, and withdraw.

Setup:

use kuatia::prelude::*;

// Assets
let usd = AssetId::new(1);
let eur = AssetId::new(2);

// Books — separate deposit/withdrawal flows from trading
let deposits_book = BookBuilder::new("deposits")
    .allow_asset(usd)
    .allow_asset(eur)
    .allow_flags(AccountFlags::USER_0 | AccountFlags::USER_1) // wallets + bank
    .build();

let trading_book = BookBuilder::new("trading")
    .allow_asset(usd)
    .allow_asset(eur)
    .allow_flags(AccountFlags::USER_0) // only user wallets
    .allow_account(exchange_pool)       // + the exchange pool
    .build();

ledger.create_book(deposits_book).await?;
ledger.create_book(trading_book).await?;

// Accounts
let bank = Account {
    id: AccountId::default(),
    policy: AccountPolicy::ExternalAccount,
    flags: AccountFlags::USER_1, // bank flag
    book: deposits_book.id,
    ..Default::default()
};

let alice = Account {
    id: AccountId::default(),
    policy: AccountPolicy::NoOverdraft,
    flags: AccountFlags::USER_0, // wallet flag
    book: deposits_book.id,
    ..Default::default()
};

let exchange_pool = Account {
    id: AccountId::default(),
    policy: AccountPolicy::SystemAccount,
    flags: AccountFlags::empty(),
    book: trading_book.id,
    ..Default::default()
};

Deposit USD into Alice's wallet:

let deposit = TransferBuilder::new()
    .book(deposits_book.id)
    .deposit(alice.id, usd, Cent::from(10_000), bank.id)?
    .build();
ledger.commit(deposit).await?;
// Alice: +10,000 USD
// Bank: -10,000 USD (offset — value entered the ledger boundary)

Alice trades 5,000 USD for EUR at 1:0.92:

let trade = TransferBuilder::new()
    .book(trading_book.id)
    .pay(alice.id, exchange_pool, usd, Cent::from(5_000))
    .pay(exchange_pool, alice.id, eur, Cent::from(4_600))
    .build();
ledger.commit(trade).await?;
// Alice: 5,000 USD + 4,600 EUR
// Exchange pool: 5,000 USD - 4,600 EUR

Withdraw EUR to Alice's bank:

let withdrawal = TransferBuilder::new()
    .book(deposits_book.id)
    .withdraw(alice.id, eur, Cent::from(4_600), bank.id)
    .build();
ledger.commit(withdrawal).await?;
// Alice: 5,000 USD, 0 EUR
// Bank: -10,000 USD + 4,600 EUR

Conservation holds at every step. The exchange pool absorbs the spread.

Example 2: Supermarket / Retail POS

A supermarket tracks inventory as product assets, records sales with COGS, and manages cash and bank accounts.

Setup:

// Assets
let gs = AssetId::new(1);            // Guaranies (currency)
let product_a = AssetId::new(100);   // Product: rice 1kg
let product_b = AssetId::new(101);   // Product: cooking oil 1L

// Account flags
const WAREHOUSE: AccountFlags = AccountFlags::USER_0;
const CUSTOMER: AccountFlags = AccountFlags::USER_1;
const REVENUE: AccountFlags = AccountFlags::USER_2;
const BANK: AccountFlags = AccountFlags::USER_3;

// Books
let sales_book = BookBuilder::new("sales")
    .allow_asset(gs)
    .allow_asset(product_a)
    .allow_asset(product_b)
    .allow_flags(WAREHOUSE | CUSTOMER | REVENUE)
    .build();

let inventory_book = BookBuilder::new("inventory")
    .allow_asset(product_a)
    .allow_asset(product_b)
    .allow_flags(WAREHOUSE)
    .allow_account(world) // issuance source
    .build();

let banking_book = BookBuilder::new("banking")
    .allow_asset(gs)
    .allow_flags(WAREHOUSE | BANK)
    .build();

// Accounts
let world = Account {  // issuance source — mints product tokens on receipt
    policy: AccountPolicy::SystemAccount,
    flags: AccountFlags::empty(),
    ..Default::default()
};

let warehouse = Account {
    policy: AccountPolicy::NoOverdraft,
    flags: WAREHOUSE,
    ..Default::default()
};

let cash_register = Account {
    policy: AccountPolicy::NoOverdraft,
    flags: WAREHOUSE,
    ..Default::default()
};

let revenue = Account {
    policy: AccountPolicy::SystemAccount,
    flags: REVENUE,
    ..Default::default()
};

let cogs = Account {  // cost of goods sold
    policy: AccountPolicy::SystemAccount,
    flags: REVENUE,
    ..Default::default()
};

let bank = Account {
    policy: AccountPolicy::NoOverdraft,
    flags: BANK,
    ..Default::default()
};

Receive inventory from supplier (50 units of rice):

let receipt = TransferBuilder::new()
    .book(inventory_book.id)
    .pay(world, warehouse.id, product_a, Cent::from(50_000)) // 50.000 units (precision 3)
    .build();
ledger.commit(receipt).await?;
// Warehouse: +50.000 rice
// World: -50.000 rice (offset — issued into the ledger)

Cash sale — customer buys 2 rice at 15,000 Gs each:

let sale = TransferBuilder::new()
    .book(sales_book.id)
    // Move product from warehouse to customer (consumed by sale)
    .pay(warehouse.id, customer.id, product_a, Cent::from(2_000))
    // Customer pays cash
    .pay(customer.id, cash_register.id, gs, Cent::from(30_000))
    // Record revenue
    .pay(world, revenue.id, gs, Cent::from(30_000))
    // Record COGS (cost was 10,000 Gs per unit)
    .pay(world, cogs.id, gs, Cent::from(20_000))
    .build();
ledger.commit(sale).await?;

Deposit cash to bank:

let deposit = TransferBuilder::new()
    .book(banking_book.id)
    .pay(cash_register.id, bank.id, gs, Cent::from(30_000))
    .build();
ledger.commit(deposit).await?;

Query balances:

let warehouse_rice = ledger.balance(&warehouse.id, &product_a).await?;
// 48.000 units remaining

let bank_balance = ledger.balance(&bank.id, &gs).await?;
// 30,000 Gs

let total_revenue = ledger.balance(&revenue.id, &gs).await?;
// 30,000 Gs

let total_cogs = ledger.balance(&cogs.id, &gs).await?;
// 20,000 Gs — gross profit = revenue - cogs = 10,000 Gs

Why books matter here: The sales book prevents a bug where a bank transfer accidentally credits the revenue account. The banking book ensures only cash and bank accounts participate in deposits. Each flow is isolated by scope while sharing the same global balances.

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Book Design

When to use books

• Always — even if you only have one flow, defining a book documents what assets and accounts are expected.
• Multiple flows — separate books for sales, payments, inventory, banking. Prevents cross-contamination.
• Multi-tenant — one book per tenant with allowed_accounts restricting to that tenant's accounts.

Book scoping rules

Field	Empty	Non-empty
allowed_assets	Any asset allowed	Only listed assets
allowed_flags	Flag check skipped	Accounts with ANY matching flag pass
allowed_accounts	Account check skipped	Listed accounts always pass (even without matching flags)

An account passes the book check if:

1. It matches allowed_flags (any flag in common), OR
2. It is explicitly listed in allowed_accounts, OR
3. Both lists are empty (unrestricted book).

Books do NOT partition balances

An account's balance is the sum of all its non-inactive postings across ALL books. If Alice receives 100 USD via the deposits book and spends 50 USD via the trading book, her balance is 50 USD — not 100 in one book and -50 in another.

This is intentional: books scope access, not state.