refactor(wallet): introduce per-mint KeyManager with background worker

Split monolithic key_manager.rs into modular architecture with dedicated worker
pattern. Each KeyManager instance now manages a single mint URL with its own
background refresh task.

Changes:
- Introduce per-mint KeyManager bound to single MintUrl
- Implement background worker with message-passing via bounded channels
- Add platform-agnostic task spawning in cdk-common
- Update WalletBuilder to support KeyManager configuration
- Refactor auth_wallet and keysets to use new KeyManager API

Architecture improvements:
- Each KeyManager owns its background task and storage
- Worker communicates via mpsc bounded channel (1000 messages)
- Sleep-based periodic refresh instead of complex scheduler
- Plain functions in worker.rs instead of struct methods
- Lock-free cache updates with Arc<ArcSwap<MintKeyCache>>

The new design eliminates global state, improves testability, and gives
developers explicit control over KeyManager lifecycle management.

crates/cdk-common/src/lib.rs

@@ -8,32 +8,7 @@
 #![warn(missing_docs)]
 #![warn(rustdoc::bare_urls)]
 
-pub mod task {
-    //! Thin wrapper for spawn and spawn_local for native and wasm.
-    use std::future::Future;
-
-    use tokio::task::JoinHandle;
-
-    /// Spawns a new asynchronous task returning nothing
-    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-    pub fn spawn<F>(future: F) -> JoinHandle<F::Output>
-    where
-        F: Future + Send + 'static,
-        F::Output: Send + 'static,
-    {
-        tokio::spawn(future)
-    }
-
-    /// Spawns a new asynchronous task returning nothing
-    #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
-    pub fn spawn<F>(future: F) -> JoinHandle<F::Output>
-    where
-        F: Future + 'static,
-        F::Output: 'static,
-    {
-        tokio::task::spawn_local(future)
-    }
-}
+pub mod task;
 
 pub mod common;
 pub mod database;

crates/cdk-common/src/task.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//! Thin wrapper for spawn and spawn_local for native and wasm.
+
+use std::future::Future;
+
+use tokio::task::JoinHandle;
+
+/// Spawns a new asynchronous task returning nothing
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+pub fn spawn<F>(future: F) -> JoinHandle<F::Output>
+where
+    F: Future + Send + 'static,
+    F::Output: Send + 'static,
+{
+    tokio::spawn(future)
+}
+
+/// Spawns a new asynchronous task returning nothing
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+pub fn spawn<F>(future: F) -> JoinHandle<F::Output>
+where
+    F: Future + 'static,
+    F::Output: 'static,
+{
+    tokio::task::spawn_local(future)
+}

crates/cdk/Cargo.toml

@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ cdk-common.workspace = true
 cbor-diag.workspace = true
 async-trait.workspace = true
 anyhow.workspace = true
+once_cell = "1.20.2"
 bitcoin.workspace = true
 ciborium.workspace = true
 lightning.workspace = true

crates/cdk/src/wallet/auth/auth_wallet.rs

@@ -178,11 +178,7 @@ impl AuthWallet {
     /// If keys are not cached, triggers a refresh and waits briefly before checking again.
     #[instrument(skip(self))]
     pub async fn load_keyset_keys(&self, keyset_id: Id) -> Result<Keys, Error> {
-        Ok((*self
-            .key_manager
-            .get_keys(&self.mint_url, &keyset_id)
-            .await?)
-            .clone())
+        Ok((*self.key_manager.get_keys(&keyset_id).await?).clone())
     }
 
     /// Get blind auth keysets from KeyManager cache or trigger refresh if missing
@@ -193,7 +189,7 @@ impl AuthWallet {
     /// but will fall back to online if needed.
     #[instrument(skip(self))]
     pub async fn load_mint_keysets(&self) -> Result<Vec<KeySetInfo>, Error> {
-        if let Ok(keysets) = self.key_manager.get_keysets(&self.mint_url).await {
+        if let Ok(keysets) = self.key_manager.get_keysets().await {
             let auth_keysets: Vec<KeySetInfo> = keysets
                 .into_iter()
                 .filter(|k| k.unit == CurrencyUnit::Auth)
@@ -218,7 +214,7 @@ impl AuthWallet {
 
         let auth_keysets = self
             .key_manager
-            .refresh(&self.mint_url)
+            .refresh()
             .await?
             .into_iter()
             .filter(|k| k.unit == CurrencyUnit::Auth && k.active)

crates/cdk/src/wallet/builder.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-#[cfg(feature = "auth")]
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
@@ -18,7 +17,6 @@ use crate::wallet::key_manager::KeyManager;
 use crate::wallet::{HttpClient, MintConnector, SubscriptionManager, Wallet};
 
 /// Builder for creating a new [`Wallet`]
-#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct WalletBuilder {
     mint_url: Option<MintUrl>,
     unit: Option<CurrencyUnit>,
@@ -30,6 +28,7 @@ pub struct WalletBuilder {
     use_http_subscription: bool,
     client: Option<Arc<dyn MintConnector + Send + Sync>>,
     key_manager: Option<Arc<KeyManager>>,
+    key_managers: HashMap<MintUrl, Arc<KeyManager>>,
 }
 
 impl Default for WalletBuilder {
@@ -45,6 +44,7 @@ impl Default for WalletBuilder {
             client: None,
             use_http_subscription: false,
             key_manager: None,
+            key_managers: HashMap::new(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ impl WalletBuilder {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Set a shared global KeyManager
+    /// Set a shared KeyManager
     ///
     /// This allows multiple wallets to share the same KeyManager instance for
     /// optimal performance and memory usage. If not provided, a new KeyManager
@@ -130,14 +130,39 @@ impl WalletBuilder {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Set a HashMap of KeyManagers for reusing across multiple wallets
+    ///
+    /// This allows the builder to reuse existing KeyManager instances or create new ones.
+    /// Useful when creating multiple wallets that share KeyManagers.
+    pub fn key_managers(mut self, key_managers: HashMap<MintUrl, Arc<KeyManager>>) -> Self {
+        self.key_managers = key_managers;
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Set auth CAT (Clear Auth Token)
     #[cfg(feature = "auth")]
     pub fn set_auth_cat(mut self, cat: String) -> Self {
-        let key_manager = self.key_manager.clone().unwrap_or_else(KeyManager::new);
+        let mint_url = self.mint_url.clone().expect("Mint URL required");
+        let localstore = self.localstore.clone().expect("Localstore required");
+
+        let key_manager = self.key_manager.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            // Check if we already have a KeyManager for this mint in the HashMap
+            if let Some(km) = self.key_managers.get(&mint_url) {
+                km.clone()
+            } else {
+                // Create a new one
+                Arc::new(KeyManager::new(
+                    mint_url.clone(),
+                    localstore.clone(),
+                    Arc::new(HttpClient::new(mint_url.clone(), None)),
+                ))
+            }
+        });
+
         self.auth_wallet = Some(AuthWallet::new(
-            self.mint_url.clone().expect("Mint URL required"),
+            mint_url,
             Some(AuthToken::ClearAuth(cat)),
-            self.localstore.clone().expect("Localstore required"),
+            localstore,
             key_manager,
             HashMap::new(),
             None,
@@ -177,16 +202,25 @@ impl WalletBuilder {
             }
         };
 
-        let key_manager = self.key_manager.unwrap_or_else(KeyManager::new);
-        let key_sub_id =
-            key_manager.register_mint(mint_url.clone(), localstore.clone(), client.clone());
+        let key_manager = self.key_manager.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            // Check if we already have a KeyManager for this mint in the HashMap
+            if let Some(km) = self.key_managers.get(&mint_url) {
+                km.clone()
+            } else {
+                // Create a new one
+                Arc::new(KeyManager::new(
+                    mint_url.clone(),
+                    localstore.clone(),
+                    client.clone(),
+                ))
+            }
+        });
 
         Ok(Wallet {
             mint_url,
             unit,
             localstore,
             key_manager,
-            _key_sub_id: key_sub_id,
             target_proof_count: self.target_proof_count.unwrap_or(3),
             #[cfg(feature = "auth")]
             auth_wallet: Arc::new(RwLock::new(self.auth_wallet)),

crates/cdk/src/wallet/key_manager.rs

@@ -1,1064 +0,0 @@
-//! Centralized key management with in-memory caching
-//!
-//! Provides global key management for all wallets with automatic background refresh
-//! and lock-free cache access. Keys are fetched from mint servers, cached in memory,
-//! and periodically updated without blocking wallet operations.
-//!
-//! # Architecture
-//!
-//! - **Per-mint cache**: Stores keysets and keys indexed by ID with atomic updates
-//! - **Background refresh**: Periodic 5-minute updates keep keys fresh
-//! - **HTTP throttling**: Max 5 concurrent requests to prevent overwhelming servers
-//! - **Database fallback**: Loads from storage when cache misses or HTTP fails
-//!
-//! # Usage
-//!
-//! ```ignore
-//! let key_manager = KeyManager::new();
-//! key_manager.register_mint(mint_url, unit, storage, client);
-//! let keys = key_manager.get_keys(&mint_url, &keyset_id).await?;
-//! ```
-
-use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
-use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
-
-use arc_swap::ArcSwap;
-use cdk_common::database::{self, WalletDatabase};
-use cdk_common::mint_url::MintUrl;
-use cdk_common::nuts::{KeySetInfo, Keys};
-use cdk_common::parking_lot::{Mutex as ParkingLotMutex, RwLock as ParkingLotRwLock};
-use cdk_common::task::spawn;
-use cdk_common::util::unix_time;
-use cdk_common::{KeySet, MintInfo};
-use tokio::sync::{mpsc, Semaphore};
-use tokio::task::JoinHandle;
-use tracing::{debug, error, warn};
-
-#[cfg(feature = "auth")]
-use super::AuthMintConnector;
-use crate::nuts::Id;
-#[cfg(feature = "auth")]
-use crate::wallet::AuthHttpClient;
-use crate::wallet::MintConnector;
-use crate::Error;
-
-/// Refresh interval for background key refresh (5 minutes)
-const DEFAULT_REFRESH_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(300);
-
-/// Maximum concurrent HTTP requests to mint servers
-const MAX_CONCURRENT_HTTP_REQUESTS: usize = 5;
-
-const MAX_RETRY: usize = 50;
-const RETRY_SLEEP: Duration = Duration::from_millis(100);
-
-/// Manages refresh scheduling for mints
-///
-/// Tracks when each mint should be refreshed next. Uses BTreeMap for efficient
-/// range queries to find all mints due for refresh. Counter ensures unique keys
-/// when multiple mints are scheduled for the same instant.
-#[derive(Clone)]
-struct RefreshScheduler {
-    /// Maps refresh time to mint URL
-    schedule: Arc<ParkingLotMutex<BTreeMap<(Instant, usize), MintUrl>>>,
-
-    /// Counter to ensure unique BTreeMap keys
-    counter: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
-
-    /// Interval between refreshes
-    interval: Duration,
-}
-
-impl RefreshScheduler {
-    /// Create a new refresh scheduler with the given interval
-    fn new(interval: Duration) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            schedule: Arc::new(ParkingLotMutex::new(BTreeMap::new())),
-            interval,
-            counter: Arc::new(0.into()),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Schedule a mint for refresh after the configured interval
-    fn schedule_refresh(&self, mint_url: MintUrl) {
-        let next_refresh = Instant::now() + self.interval;
-        let mut schedule = self.schedule.lock();
-        schedule.insert(
-            (
-                next_refresh,
-                self.counter
-                    .fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed),
-            ),
-            mint_url,
-        );
-    }
-
-    /// Get all mints that are due for refresh
-    ///
-    /// Returns and removes all mints whose scheduled refresh time has passed.
-    fn get_due_refreshes(&self) -> Vec<MintUrl> {
-        let mut schedule = self.schedule.lock();
-        let now = Instant::now();
-
-        let (keys, due_mints): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = schedule
-            .range(..=(now, usize::MAX))
-            .map(|(key, mint_url)| (*key, mint_url.clone()))
-            .unzip();
-
-        for key in keys {
-            let _ = schedule.remove(&key);
-        }
-
-        due_mints
-    }
-}
-
-/// Messages for the background refresh task
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub enum RefreshMessage {
-    /// Stop the refresh task
-    Stop,
-
-    /// Make sure the mint is loaded, from either any localstore or remotely.
-    ///
-    /// This function also make sure all stores have a copy of the mint info and keys
-    SyncMint(MintUrl),
-
-    /// Fetch keys for a specific mint immediately
-    FetchMint(MintUrl),
-}
-
-/// Per-mint key cache
-///
-/// Stores all keyset and key data for a single mint. Updated atomically via ArcSwap.
-/// The `refresh_version` increments on each update to detect when cache has changed.
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-struct MintKeyCache {
-    /// If the cache is ready
-    is_ready: bool,
-
-    /// Mint info from server
-    mint_info: Option<MintInfo>,
-
-    /// All keysets by ID
-    keysets_by_id: HashMap<Id, Arc<KeySetInfo>>,
-
-    /// Active keysets for quick access
-    active_keysets: Vec<Arc<KeySetInfo>>,
-
-    /// All keys by keyset ID
-    keys_by_id: HashMap<Id, Arc<Keys>>,
-
-    /// Last refresh timestamp
-    last_refresh: Instant,
-
-    /// Cache generation (increments on each refresh)
-    refresh_version: u64,
-}
-
-impl MintKeyCache {
-    fn empty() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            is_ready: false,
-            mint_info: None,
-            keysets_by_id: HashMap::new(),
-            active_keysets: Vec::new(),
-            keys_by_id: HashMap::new(),
-            last_refresh: Instant::now(),
-            refresh_version: 0,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// External resources needed to manage keys for a mint
-///
-/// Combines storage and client into a single struct to keep them paired together.
-#[derive(Clone)]
-struct MintResources {
-    /// Storage backend for persistence
-    storage: Arc<dyn WalletDatabase<Err = database::Error> + Send + Sync>,
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "auth")]
-    auth_client: Arc<dyn AuthMintConnector + Send + Sync>,
-
-    /// Client for fetching keys from mint
-    client: Arc<dyn MintConnector + Send + Sync>,
-}
-
-/// Per-mint registration info
-///
-/// Contains all resources and cached data for managing keys for a single mint.
-#[derive(Clone)]
-struct MintRegistration {
-    /// Mint URL
-    mint_url: MintUrl,
-
-    /// External resources (storage + client)
-    resources: Arc<ParkingLotRwLock<HashMap<usize, MintResources>>>,
-
-    /// Cached data
-    cache: Arc<ArcSwap<MintKeyCache>>,
-}
-
-impl std::fmt::Debug for MintRegistration {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("MintRegistration")
-            .field("mint_url", &self.mint_url)
-            .field("resources", &"<MintResources>")
-            .field("cache", &self.cache)
-            .finish()
-    }
-}
-
-type Mints = Arc<ParkingLotRwLock<HashMap<MintUrl, MintRegistration>>>;
-
-/// Global key manager shared across all wallets
-///
-/// Centralizes key management with in-memory caching and background refresh.
-/// All wallets share the same cache for each mint, avoiding duplicate fetches.
-///
-/// Spawns a background task on creation that refreshes keys every 5 minutes.
-/// Dropping the KeyManager stops the background task.
-pub struct KeyManager {
-    /// Registered mints by URL (using parking_lot for sync access)
-    mints: Mints,
-
-    /// Message sender to refresh task
-    tx: mpsc::UnboundedSender<RefreshMessage>,
-
-    /// Background refresh task handle
-    refresh_task: Arc<ParkingLotMutex<Option<JoinHandle<()>>>>,
-
-    /// Refresh interval
-    refresh_interval: Duration,
-
-    /// Internal counter for each registered/mint wallet
-    counter: AtomicUsize,
-
-    /// Semaphore to limit concurrent HTTP requests to mint servers
-    /// This is stored to keep it alive and is passed to the refresh loop
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    refresh_semaphore: Arc<Semaphore>,
-}
-
-impl std::fmt::Debug for KeyManager {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("KeyManager")
-            .field("mints", &self.mints)
-            .field("refresh_interval", &self.refresh_interval)
-            .finish()
-    }
-}
-
-/// KeySubscription
-pub struct KeySubscription {
-    /// Registered mints by URL (using parking_lot for sync access)
-    mints: Mints,
-    mint_url: MintUrl,
-    id: usize,
-}
-
-impl std::fmt::Debug for KeySubscription {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("KeyManager")
-            .field("mint_url", &self.mint_url)
-            .finish()
-    }
-}
-
-impl Drop for KeySubscription {
-    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        KeyManager::deregister_mint(self.mints.clone(), self.mint_url.clone(), self.id);
-    }
-}
-
-impl KeyManager {
-    /// Create a new KeyManager with default 5-minute refresh interval
-    ///
-    /// Spawns a background task that refreshes all registered mints periodically.
-    pub fn new() -> Arc<Self> {
-        Self::with_refresh_interval(DEFAULT_REFRESH_INTERVAL)
-    }
-
-    /// Create a new KeyManager with custom refresh interval
-    pub fn with_refresh_interval(refresh_interval: Duration) -> Arc<Self> {
-        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel();
-        let refresh_semaphore = Arc::new(Semaphore::new(MAX_CONCURRENT_HTTP_REQUESTS));
-
-        let manager = Self {
-            mints: Arc::new(ParkingLotRwLock::new(HashMap::new())),
-            tx,
-            refresh_task: Arc::new(ParkingLotMutex::new(None)),
-            refresh_interval,
-            refresh_semaphore: refresh_semaphore.clone(),
-            counter: 0.into(),
-        };
-
-        let mints = manager.mints.clone();
-        let refresh_interval = manager.refresh_interval;
-        let task = spawn(async move {
-            Self::refresh_loop(rx, mints, refresh_interval, refresh_semaphore).await;
-        });
-
-        {
-            let mut refresh_task = manager.refresh_task.lock();
-            *refresh_task = Some(task);
-        }
-
-        Arc::new(manager)
-    }
-
-    /// Send a message to the background refresh task
-    fn send_message(&self, msg: RefreshMessage) {
-        let _ = self
-            .tx
-            .send(msg)
-            .inspect_err(|e| error!("Failed to send message to refresh task: {}", e));
-    }
-
-    /// Register a mint for key management
-    ///
-    /// Registers the mint immediately and triggers an initial key fetch in the background.
-    /// The mint will be automatically refreshed every `refresh_interval`.
-    pub fn register_mint(
-        &self,
-        mint_url: MintUrl,
-        storage: Arc<dyn WalletDatabase<Err = database::Error> + Send + Sync>,
-        client: Arc<dyn MintConnector + Send + Sync>,
-    ) -> Arc<KeySubscription> {
-        debug!("Registering mint: {}", mint_url);
-        let mut mints = self.mints.write();
-
-        let mint = mints.entry(mint_url.clone()).or_insert_with(|| {
-            let cache = Arc::new(ArcSwap::from_pointee(MintKeyCache::empty()));
-
-            MintRegistration {
-                mint_url: mint_url.clone(),
-                resources: Arc::new(ParkingLotRwLock::new(HashMap::new())),
-                cache,
-            }
-        });
-
-        let id = self
-            .counter
-            .fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::AcqRel);
-
-        #[cfg(feature = "auth")]
-        let mint_resource = MintResources {
-            storage,
-            client,
-            auth_client: Arc::new(AuthHttpClient::new(mint_url.clone(), None)),
-        };
-
-        #[cfg(not(feature = "auth"))]
-        let mint_resource = MintResources { storage, client };
-
-        mint.resources.write().insert(id, mint_resource);
-
-        drop(mints);
-
-        debug!("Mint registered: {}", mint_url);
-
-        self.send_message(RefreshMessage::SyncMint(mint_url.clone()));
-
-        Arc::new(KeySubscription {
-            mints: self.mints.clone(),
-            mint_url,
-            id,
-        })
-    }
-
-    fn deregister_mint(locked_mints: Mints, mint_url: MintUrl, internal_id: usize) {
-        let mut mints = locked_mints.write();
-        let mint = if let Some(r) = mints.remove(&mint_url) {
-            r
-        } else {
-            return;
-        };
-        let mut r = mint.resources.write();
-        r.remove(&internal_id);
-
-        if !r.is_empty() {
-            // add mint back, as there are other wallets to the same mint_url active
-            drop(r);
-            mints.insert(mint_url, mint);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Get keys for a keyset (cache-first with automatic refresh)
-    ///
-    /// Returns keys from cache if available. If not cached, triggers a refresh
-    /// and waits up to 2 seconds for the keys to arrive.
-    pub async fn get_keys(&self, mint_url: &MintUrl, keyset_id: &Id) -> Result<Arc<Keys>, Error> {
-        let shared_cache = {
-            let mints = self.mints.read();
-            let registration = mints.get(mint_url).ok_or(Error::IncorrectMint)?;
-            registration.cache.clone()
-        };
-
-        for _ in 0..MAX_RETRY {
-            let cache = shared_cache.load();
-            if cache.is_ready {
-                return cache
-                    .keys_by_id
-                    .get(keyset_id)
-                    .cloned()
-                    .ok_or(Error::UnknownKeySet);
-            }
-            self.send_message(RefreshMessage::SyncMint(mint_url.to_owned()));
-            tokio::time::sleep(RETRY_SLEEP).await;
-        }
-
-        Err(Error::UnknownKeySet)
-    }
-
-    /// Get keyset info by ID (cache-first with automatic refresh)
-    pub async fn get_keyset_by_id(
-        &self,
-        mint_url: &MintUrl,
-        keyset_id: &Id,
-    ) -> Result<Arc<KeySetInfo>, Error> {
-        let shared_cache = {
-            let mints = self.mints.read();
-            let registration = mints.get(mint_url).ok_or(Error::IncorrectMint)?;
-            registration.cache.clone()
-        };
-
-        for _ in 0..MAX_RETRY {
-            let cache = shared_cache.load();
-            if cache.is_ready {
-                return cache
-                    .keysets_by_id
-                    .get(keyset_id)
-                    .cloned()
-                    .ok_or(Error::UnknownKeySet);
-            }
-            self.send_message(RefreshMessage::SyncMint(mint_url.to_owned()));
-            tokio::time::sleep(RETRY_SLEEP).await;
-        }
-
-        Err(Error::UnknownKeySet)
-    }
-
-    /// Get all keysets for a mint (cache-first with automatic refresh)
-    pub async fn get_keysets(&self, mint_url: &MintUrl) -> Result<Vec<KeySetInfo>, Error> {
-        let shared_cache = {
-            let mints = self.mints.read();
-            let registration = mints.get(mint_url).ok_or(Error::IncorrectMint)?;
-            registration.cache.clone()
-        };
-
-        for _ in 0..MAX_RETRY {
-            let cache = shared_cache.load();
-            if cache.is_ready {
-                let keysets: Vec<KeySetInfo> = cache
-                    .keysets_by_id
-                    .values()
-                    .map(|ks| (**ks).clone())
-                    .collect();
-                return if keysets.is_empty() {
-                    Err(Error::UnknownKeySet)
-                } else {
-                    Ok(keysets)
-                };
-            }
-
-            self.send_message(RefreshMessage::SyncMint(mint_url.to_owned()));
-            tokio::time::sleep(RETRY_SLEEP).await;
-        }
-
-        Err(Error::UnknownKeySet)
-    }
-
-    /// Get all active keysets for a mint (cache-only, no refresh)
-    pub async fn get_active_keysets(
-        &self,
-        mint_url: &MintUrl,
-    ) -> Result<Vec<Arc<KeySetInfo>>, Error> {
-        let shared_cache = {
-            let mints = self.mints.read();
-            let registration = mints.get(mint_url).ok_or(Error::IncorrectMint)?;
-            registration.cache.clone()
-        };
-
-        for _ in 0..MAX_RETRY {
-            let cache = shared_cache.load();
-            if cache.is_ready {
-                return Ok(cache.active_keysets.clone());
-            }
-            self.send_message(RefreshMessage::SyncMint(mint_url.to_owned()));
-            tokio::time::sleep(RETRY_SLEEP).await;
-        }
-
-        Err(Error::UnknownKeySet)
-    }
-
-    /// Load a specific keyset from database or HTTP
-    ///
-    /// First checks all registered databases for the keyset. If not found,
-    /// fetches from the mint server via HTTP and persists to all databases.
-    async fn load_keyset_from_db_or_http(
-        registration: &MintRegistration,
-        keyset_id: &Id,
-    ) -> Result<KeySet, Error> {
-        let storages = registration
-            .resources
-            .read()
-            .values()
-            .map(|resource| resource.storage.clone())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-        // Try database first
-        for storage in &storages {
-            if let Some(keys) = storage.get_keys(keyset_id).await? {
-                debug!(
-                    "Loaded keyset {} from database for {}",
-                    keyset_id, registration.mint_url
-                );
-
-                // Get keyset info to construct KeySet
-                if let Some(keyset_info) = storage.get_keyset_by_id(keyset_id).await? {
-                    return Ok(KeySet {
-                        id: *keyset_id,
-                        unit: keyset_info.unit,
-                        final_expiry: keyset_info.final_expiry,
-                        keys,
-                    });
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Not in database, fetch from HTTP
-        debug!(
-            "Keyset {} not in database, fetching from mint server for {}",
-            keyset_id, registration.mint_url
-        );
-
-        let http_client = registration
-            .resources
-            .read()
-            .values()
-            .next()
-            .ok_or(Error::IncorrectMint)?
-            .client
-            .clone();
-
-        let keyset = http_client.get_mint_keyset(*keyset_id).await?;
-
-        // Persist to all databases
-        for storage in &storages {
-            let _ = storage.add_keys(keyset.clone()).await.inspect_err(|e| {
-                warn!(
-                    "Failed to persist keyset {} for {}: {}",
-                    keyset_id, registration.mint_url, e
-                )
-            });
-        }
-
-        debug!(
-            "Loaded keyset {} from HTTP for {}",
-            keyset_id, registration.mint_url
-        );
-
-        Ok(keyset)
-    }
-
-    /// Load mint info and keys from all registered databases
-    ///
-    /// Iterates through all storage backends and loads keysets and keys into cache.
-    /// This is called on first access when cache is empty.
-    async fn fetch_mint_info_and_keys_from_db(
-        registration: &MintRegistration,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        debug!(
-            "Cache empty, loading from storage first for {}",
-            registration.mint_url
-        );
-
-        let mut storage_cache = MintKeyCache::empty();
-        let storages = registration
-            .resources
-            .read()
-            .values()
-            .map(|resource| resource.storage.clone())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-        for storage in storages {
-            if storage_cache.mint_info.is_none() {
-                storage_cache.mint_info = storage.get_mint(registration.mint_url.clone()).await?;
-            }
-
-            for keyset in storage
-                .get_mint_keysets(registration.mint_url.clone())
-                .await?
-                .ok_or(Error::UnknownKeySet)?
-            {
-                if storage_cache.keysets_by_id.contains_key(&keyset.id) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                let arc_keyset = Arc::new(keyset.clone());
-                storage_cache
-                    .keysets_by_id
-                    .insert(keyset.id, arc_keyset.clone());
-
-                if keyset.active {
-                    storage_cache.active_keysets.push(arc_keyset);
-                }
-            }
-
-            for keyset_id in storage_cache.keysets_by_id.keys() {
-                if storage_cache.keys_by_id.contains_key(keyset_id) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                if let Some(keys) = storage.get_keys(keyset_id).await? {
-                    storage_cache.keys_by_id.insert(*keyset_id, Arc::new(keys));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        let keys_count = storage_cache.keys_by_id.len();
-        storage_cache.refresh_version += 1;
-        storage_cache.is_ready = true;
-
-        let storage_cache = Arc::new(storage_cache);
-        registration.cache.store(storage_cache.clone());
-
-        Self::persist_cache(registration, storage_cache).await;
-
-        debug!(
-            "Loaded {} keys from storage for {}",
-            keys_count, registration.mint_url
-        );
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Persist cache to a single database
-    ///
-    /// Writes mint info, keysets, and keys to the given storage backend.
-    /// Errors are logged but don't fail the operation.
-    async fn persist_cache_db(
-        storage: Arc<dyn WalletDatabase<Err = database::Error> + Send + Sync>,
-        mint_url: MintUrl,
-        new_cache: Arc<MintKeyCache>,
-    ) {
-        if !new_cache.is_ready {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        if new_cache.mint_info.is_some() {
-            let _ = storage
-                .add_mint(mint_url.clone(), new_cache.mint_info.clone())
-                .await
-                .inspect_err(|e| {
-                    warn!("Failed to persist mint_info for {}: {}", mint_url, e);
-                });
-        }
-        let _ = storage
-            .add_mint_keysets(
-                mint_url.clone(),
-                new_cache
-                    .keysets_by_id
-                    .values()
-                    .map(|ks| (**ks).clone())
-                    .collect(),
-            )
-            .await
-            .inspect_err(|e| warn!("Failed to persist keysets for {}: {}", mint_url, e));
-
-        for (keyset_id, keys) in new_cache.keys_by_id.iter() {
-            if storage
-                .get_keys(keyset_id)
-                .await
-                .inspect_err(|e| warn!("Failed to get_keys {e}"))
-                .unwrap_or_default()
-                .is_none()
-            {
-                let keyset = if let Some(v) = new_cache.keysets_by_id.get(keyset_id) {
-                    v
-                } else {
-                    warn!("Malformed keysets, cannot find {}", keyset_id);
-                    continue;
-                };
-                let _ = storage
-                    .add_keys(KeySet {
-                        id: *keyset_id,
-                        unit: keyset.unit.clone(),
-                        final_expiry: keyset.final_expiry,
-                        keys: (**keys).clone(),
-                    })
-                    .await
-                    .inspect_err(|e| {
-                        warn!("Failed to persist keys for keyset {}: {}", keyset_id, e)
-                    });
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Persist cache to all registered databases
-    ///
-    /// Spawns a task for each storage backend to write cache asynchronously.
-    async fn persist_cache(registration: &MintRegistration, new_cache: Arc<MintKeyCache>) {
-        let storages = registration
-            .resources
-            .read()
-            .values()
-            .map(|x| x.storage.clone())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-        for storage in storages {
-            spawn(Self::persist_cache_db(
-                storage,
-                registration.mint_url.clone(),
-                new_cache.clone(),
-            ));
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Fetch keys from mint server via HTTP
-    ///
-    /// Fetches mint info, keysets, and keys from the mint server. Updates cache
-    /// and schedules next refresh. Persists new data to all databases.
-    async fn fetch_from_http(
-        registration: MintRegistration,
-        refresh_scheduler: RefreshScheduler,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        debug!(
-            "Fetching keys from mint server for {}",
-            registration.mint_url
-        );
-
-        let http_client = registration
-            .resources
-            .read()
-            .values()
-            .next()
-            .ok_or(Error::IncorrectMint)?
-            .client
-            .clone();
-
-        #[cfg(feature = "auth")]
-        let http_auth_client = registration
-            .resources
-            .read()
-            .values()
-            .next()
-            .ok_or(Error::IncorrectMint)?
-            .auth_client
-            .clone();
-
-        let mint_info = http_client.get_mint_info().await?;
-
-        if let Some(mint_unix_time) = mint_info.time {
-            let current_unix_time = unix_time();
-            if current_unix_time.abs_diff(mint_unix_time) > 30 {
-                tracing::warn!(
-                    "Mint time does match wallet time. Mint: {}, Wallet: {}",
-                    mint_unix_time,
-                    current_unix_time
-                );
-                return Err(Error::MintTimeExceedsTolerance);
-            }
-        }
-
-        let keysets_response = http_client.get_mint_keysets().await?;
-
-        let keysets = keysets_response.keysets;
-
-        #[cfg(feature = "auth")]
-        let keysets = if let Ok(auth_keysets_response) =
-            http_auth_client.get_mint_blind_auth_keysets().await
-        {
-            let mut keysets = keysets;
-            keysets.extend_from_slice(&auth_keysets_response.keysets);
-            keysets
-        } else {
-            keysets
-        };
-
-        let mut new_cache = MintKeyCache::empty();
-
-        for keyset_info in keysets {
-            let arc_keyset = Arc::new(keyset_info.clone());
-            new_cache
-                .keysets_by_id
-                .insert(keyset_info.id, arc_keyset.clone());
-
-            if keyset_info.active {
-                new_cache.active_keysets.push(arc_keyset);
-            }
-
-            // Try to load keyset from database first, then HTTP
-            if let Ok(keyset) = Self::load_keyset_from_db_or_http(&registration, &keyset_info.id)
-                .await
-                .inspect_err(|e| {
-                    warn!(
-                        "Failed to load keyset {} for {}: {}",
-                        keyset_info.id, registration.mint_url, e
-                    )
-                })
-            {
-                let keys = Arc::new(keyset.keys.clone());
-                new_cache.keys_by_id.insert(keyset_info.id, keys);
-            }
-        }
-
-        refresh_scheduler.schedule_refresh(registration.mint_url.clone());
-
-        let old_generation = registration.cache.load().refresh_version;
-        new_cache.mint_info = Some(mint_info);
-        new_cache.refresh_version = old_generation + 1;
-        new_cache.is_ready = true;
-        new_cache.last_refresh = Instant::now();
-
-        debug!(
-            "Refreshed {} keysets and {} keys for {} (generation {})",
-            new_cache.keysets_by_id.len(),
-            new_cache.keys_by_id.len(),
-            registration.mint_url,
-            new_cache.refresh_version
-        );
-
-        let new_cache = Arc::new(new_cache);
-        Self::persist_cache(&registration, new_cache.clone()).await;
-        registration.cache.store(new_cache);
-
-        Ok::<(), Error>(())
-    }
-
-    fn sync_mint_task(registration: MintRegistration, refresh_scheduler: RefreshScheduler) {
-        spawn(async move {
-            if !registration.cache.load().is_ready {
-                let _ = Self::fetch_mint_info_and_keys_from_db(&registration)
-                    .await
-                    .inspect_err(|e| {
-                        warn!(
-                            "Failed to load keys from storage for {}: {}",
-                            registration.mint_url, e
-                        )
-                    });
-            }
-
-            if !registration.cache.load().is_ready {
-                let mint_url = registration.mint_url.clone();
-                let _ = tokio::time::timeout(
-                    Duration::from_secs(60),
-                    Self::fetch_from_http(registration, refresh_scheduler),
-                )
-                .await
-                .inspect_err(|e| warn!("Failed to fetch keys for {} with error {}", mint_url, e));
-            }
-        });
-    }
-
-    /// Refresh keys from mint server
-    ///
-    /// Spawns an async task with 60s timeout. HTTP requests are limited to
-    /// MAX_CONCURRENT_HTTP_REQUESTS concurrent requests via semaphore.
-    fn fetch_and_sync_mint_task(
-        registration: MintRegistration,
-        semaphore: Arc<Semaphore>,
-        refresh_scheduler: RefreshScheduler,
-    ) {
-        spawn(async move {
-            if !registration.cache.load().is_ready {
-                let _ = Self::fetch_mint_info_and_keys_from_db(&registration)
-                    .await
-                    .inspect_err(|e| {
-                        warn!(
-                            "Failed to load keys from storage for {}: {}",
-                            registration.mint_url, e
-                        )
-                    });
-            }
-
-            let Ok(http_permit) = semaphore.acquire().await.inspect_err(|e| {
-                error!(
-                    "Failed to acquire HTTP permit for {}: {}",
-                    registration.mint_url, e
-                );
-            }) else {
-                return;
-            };
-
-            debug!(
-                "Acquired HTTP permit for {} ({} available)",
-                registration.mint_url,
-                semaphore.available_permits()
-            );
-
-            let mint_url = registration.mint_url.clone();
-
-            let result = tokio::time::timeout(
-                Duration::from_secs(60),
-                Self::fetch_from_http(registration, refresh_scheduler),
-            )
-            .await;
-
-            drop(http_permit);
-
-            let _ = result
-                .map_err(|_| Error::Timeout)
-                .and_then(|r| r)
-                .inspect(|_| {
-                    debug!(
-                        "Successfully fetched keys from mint server for {}",
-                        mint_url
-                    );
-                })
-                .inspect_err(|e| match e {
-                    Error::Timeout => {
-                        error!("Timeout fetching keys from mint server for {}", mint_url)
-                    }
-                    _ => {
-                        error!(
-                            "Failed to fetch keys from mint server for {}: {}",
-                            mint_url, e
-                        )
-                    }
-                });
-
-            debug!(
-                "Released HTTP permit for {} ({} available)",
-                mint_url,
-                semaphore.available_permits()
-            );
-        });
-    }
-
-    /// Background refresh loop with message handling
-    ///
-    /// Runs independently and handles refresh messages and periodic updates.
-    /// All refresh operations are spawned as separate tasks with timeouts.
-    async fn refresh_loop(
-        mut rx: mpsc::UnboundedReceiver<RefreshMessage>,
-        mints: Arc<ParkingLotRwLock<HashMap<MintUrl, MintRegistration>>>,
-        refresh_interval: Duration,
-        semaphore: Arc<Semaphore>,
-    ) {
-        let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_secs(1));
-        let refresh_scheduler = RefreshScheduler::new(refresh_interval);
-
-        loop {
-            tokio::select! {
-                Some(msg) = rx.recv() => {
-                    match msg {
-                        RefreshMessage::Stop => {
-                            debug!("Stopping refresh task");
-                            break;
-                        }
-                        RefreshMessage::SyncMint(mint_url) => {
-                            debug!("Sync all instances of {}", mint_url);
-                            let registration = {
-                                let mints_lock = mints.read();
-                                mints_lock.get(&mint_url).cloned()
-                            };
-
-                            if let Some(reg) = registration {
-                                Self::sync_mint_task(reg, refresh_scheduler.clone());
-                            } else {
-                                warn!("FetchMint: Mint not registered: {}", mint_url);
-                            }
-                        }
-                        RefreshMessage::FetchMint(mint_url) => {
-                            debug!("FetchMint message received for {}", mint_url);
-                            let registration = {
-                                let mints_lock = mints.read();
-                                mints_lock.get(&mint_url).cloned()
-                            };
-
-                            if let Some(reg) = registration {
-                                Self::fetch_and_sync_mint_task(reg, semaphore.clone(), refresh_scheduler.clone());
-                            } else {
-                                warn!("FetchMint: Mint not registered: {}", mint_url);
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-
-                _ = interval.tick() => {
-                    debug!("Checking for mints due for refresh");
-
-                    let due_mints = refresh_scheduler.get_due_refreshes();
-
-                    if !due_mints.is_empty() {
-                        debug!("Found {} mints due for refresh", due_mints.len());
-                    }
-
-                    for mint_url in due_mints {
-                        let registration = {
-                            let mints_lock = mints.read();
-                            mints_lock.get(&mint_url).cloned()
-                        };
-
-                        if let Some(reg) = registration {
-                            Self::fetch_and_sync_mint_task(reg, semaphore.clone(), refresh_scheduler.clone());
-                        } else {
-                            warn!("Mint no longer registered: {}", mint_url);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        debug!("Refresh loop stopped");
-    }
-
-    /// Trigger a refresh and wait for it to complete
-    ///
-    /// Sends a refresh message to the background task and waits up to 2 seconds
-    /// for the cache to be updated with a newer version.
-    pub async fn refresh(&self, mint_url: &MintUrl) -> Result<Vec<KeySetInfo>, Error> {
-        let shared_cache = {
-            let mints = self.mints.read();
-            let registration = mints.get(mint_url).ok_or(Error::IncorrectMint)?;
-            registration.cache.clone()
-        };
-
-        let last_version = shared_cache.load().refresh_version;
-
-        self.send_message(RefreshMessage::FetchMint(mint_url.clone()));
-
-        for _ in 0..MAX_RETRY {
-            if let Some(keysets) = {
-                let cache = shared_cache.load();
-                if last_version > 0 || cache.refresh_version > 0 {
-                    Some(
-                        cache
-                            .keysets_by_id
-                            .values()
-                            .map(|ks| (**ks).clone())
-                            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-                    )
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            } {
-                return Ok(keysets);
-            }
-
-            tokio::time::sleep(RETRY_SLEEP).await;
-        }
-
-        Err(Error::UnknownKeySet)
-    }
-
-    /// Trigger a refresh for a specific mint (non-blocking)
-    pub fn refresh_now(&self, mint_url: &MintUrl) {
-        self.send_message(RefreshMessage::FetchMint(mint_url.clone()));
-    }
-}
-
-impl Drop for KeyManager {
-    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        self.send_message(RefreshMessage::Stop);
-        if let Some(mut task) = self.refresh_task.try_lock() {
-            if let Some(handle) = task.take() {
-                handle.abort();
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}

crates/cdk/src/wallet/key_manager/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+//! Per-mint key management with in-memory caching
+//!
+//! Provides key management for individual mints with automatic background refresh
+//! and lock-free cache access. Keys are fetched from mint servers, cached in memory,
+//! and periodically updated without blocking wallet operations.
+//!
+//! # Architecture
+//!
+//! - **Per-mint cache**: Stores keysets and keys indexed by ID with atomic updates
+//! - **Background refresh**: Periodic 5-minute updates keep keys fresh
+//! - **Database fallback**: Loads from storage when cache misses or HTTP fails
+//!
+//! # Usage
+//!
+//! ```ignore
+//! let key_manager = Arc::new(KeyManager::new(mint_url, storage, client));
+//! let keys = key_manager.get_keys(&keyset_id).await?;
+//! ```
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+use arc_swap::ArcSwap;
+use cdk_common::database::{self, WalletDatabase};
+use cdk_common::mint_url::MintUrl;
+use cdk_common::nuts::{KeySetInfo, Keys};
+use cdk_common::task::spawn;
+use cdk_common::MintInfo;
+use tokio::sync::mpsc;
+use tokio::task::JoinHandle;
+use worker::MessageToWorker;
+
+mod worker;
+
+use crate::nuts::Id;
+#[cfg(feature = "auth")]
+use crate::wallet::AuthHttpClient;
+use crate::wallet::MintConnector;
+use crate::Error;
+
+/// Refresh interval for background key refresh (5 minutes)
+const DEFAULT_REFRESH_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(300);
+
+const MAX_RETRY: usize = 50;
+const RETRY_SLEEP: Duration = Duration::from_millis(100);
+
+/// Per-mint key cache
+///
+/// Stores all keyset and key data for a single mint. Updated atomically via ArcSwap.
+/// The `refresh_version` increments on each update to detect when cache has changed.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub(super) struct MintKeyCache {
+    /// If the cache is ready
+    pub is_ready: bool,
+
+    /// Mint info from server
+    pub mint_info: Option<MintInfo>,
+
+    /// All keysets by ID
+    pub keysets_by_id: HashMap<Id, Arc<KeySetInfo>>,
+
+    /// Active keysets for quick access
+    pub active_keysets: Vec<Arc<KeySetInfo>>,
+
+    /// All keys by keyset ID
+    pub keys_by_id: HashMap<Id, Arc<Keys>>,
+
+    /// Last refresh timestamp
+    pub last_refresh: Instant,
+
+    /// Cache generation (increments on each refresh)
+    pub refresh_version: u64,
+}
+
+impl MintKeyCache {
+    pub(super) fn empty() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            is_ready: false,
+            mint_info: None,
+            keysets_by_id: HashMap::new(),
+            active_keysets: Vec::new(),
+            keys_by_id: HashMap::new(),
+            last_refresh: Instant::now(),
+            refresh_version: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Key manager for a single mint
+///
+/// Manages keys for a specific mint with in-memory caching and background refresh.
+/// Each KeyManager owns its background worker task.
+pub struct KeyManager {
+    /// Mint URL
+    mint_url: MintUrl,
+
+    /// Storage backend
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    storage: Arc<dyn WalletDatabase<Err = database::Error> + Send + Sync>,
+
+    /// Shared cache (atomic updates)
+    cache: Arc<ArcSwap<MintKeyCache>>,
+
+    /// Message sender to background worker
+    tx: mpsc::Sender<MessageToWorker>,
+
+    /// Background worker task handle
+    task: Option<JoinHandle<()>>,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for KeyManager {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("KeyManager")
+            .field("mint_url", &self.mint_url)
+            .field("cache_ready", &self.cache.load().is_ready)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for KeyManager {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        tracing::debug!("Dropping KeyManager for {}", self.mint_url);
+        self.tx
+            .try_send(MessageToWorker::Stop)
+            .inspect_err(|e| {
+                tracing::error!("Failed to send Stop message for {}: {}", self.mint_url, e)
+            })
+            .ok();
+        if let Some(task) = self.task.take() {
+            task.abort();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl KeyManager {
+    /// Create a new KeyManager with default 5-minute refresh interval
+    pub fn new(
+        mint_url: MintUrl,
+        storage: Arc<dyn WalletDatabase<Err = database::Error> + Send + Sync>,
+        client: Arc<dyn MintConnector + Send + Sync>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self::with_refresh_interval(mint_url, storage, client, DEFAULT_REFRESH_INTERVAL)
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new KeyManager with custom refresh interval
+    pub fn with_refresh_interval(
+        mint_url: MintUrl,
+        storage: Arc<dyn WalletDatabase<Err = database::Error> + Send + Sync>,
+        client: Arc<dyn MintConnector + Send + Sync>,
+        refresh_interval: Duration,
+    ) -> Self {
+        tracing::debug!("Creating KeyManager for mint: {}", mint_url);
+
+        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(1_000);
+        let cache = Arc::new(ArcSwap::from_pointee(MintKeyCache::empty()));
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "auth")]
+        let auth_client = Arc::new(AuthHttpClient::new(mint_url.clone(), None));
+
+        let task = {
+            let mint_url_clone = mint_url.clone();
+            let client_clone = client.clone();
+            #[cfg(feature = "auth")]
+            let auth_client_clone = auth_client.clone();
+            let storage_clone = storage.clone();
+            let cache_clone = cache.clone();
+
+            spawn(worker::refresh_loop(
+                mint_url_clone,
+                client_clone,
+                #[cfg(feature = "auth")]
+                auth_client_clone,
+                storage_clone,
+                cache_clone,
+                rx,
+                refresh_interval,
+            ))
+        };
+
+        // Trigger initial sync (best effort - log if it fails)
+        if let Err(e) = tx.try_send(MessageToWorker::FetchMint) {
+            tracing::error!(
+                "Failed to send initial FetchMint message for {}: {}",
+                mint_url,
+                e
+            );
+        }
+
+        Self {
+            mint_url,
+            storage,
+            cache,
+            tx,
+            task: Some(task),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the mint URL for this KeyManager
+    pub fn mint_url(&self) -> &MintUrl {
+        &self.mint_url
+    }
+
+    /// Send a message to the background refresh task (best effort)
+    fn send_message(&self, msg: MessageToWorker) {
+        if let Err(e) = self.tx.try_send(msg) {
+            tracing::error!(
+                "Failed to send message to refresh task for {} (closed: {}): {}",
+                self.mint_url,
+                self.tx.is_closed(),
+                e
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get keys for a keyset (cache-first with automatic refresh)
+    ///
+    /// Returns keys from cache if available. If not cached, triggers a refresh
+    /// and waits up to 5 seconds for the keys to arrive.
+    pub async fn get_keys(&self, keyset_id: &Id) -> Result<Arc<Keys>, Error> {
+        for _ in 0..MAX_RETRY {
+            let cache = self.cache.load();
+            if cache.is_ready {
+                return cache
+                    .keys_by_id
+                    .get(keyset_id)
+                    .cloned()
+                    .ok_or(Error::UnknownKeySet);
+            }
+            tokio::time::sleep(RETRY_SLEEP).await;
+        }
+
+        Err(Error::UnknownKeySet)
+    }
+
+    /// Get keyset info by ID (cache-first with automatic refresh)
+    pub async fn get_keyset_by_id(&self, keyset_id: &Id) -> Result<Arc<KeySetInfo>, Error> {
+        for _ in 0..MAX_RETRY {
+            let cache = self.cache.load();
+            if cache.is_ready {
+                return cache
+                    .keysets_by_id
+                    .get(keyset_id)
+                    .cloned()
+                    .ok_or(Error::UnknownKeySet);
+            }
+            tokio::time::sleep(RETRY_SLEEP).await;
+        }
+
+        Err(Error::UnknownKeySet)
+    }
+
+    /// Get all keysets for the mint (cache-first with automatic refresh)
+    pub async fn get_keysets(&self) -> Result<Vec<KeySetInfo>, Error> {
+        for _ in 0..MAX_RETRY {
+            let cache = self.cache.load();
+            if cache.is_ready {
+                let keysets: Vec<KeySetInfo> = cache
+                    .keysets_by_id
+                    .values()
+                    .map(|ks| (**ks).clone())
+                    .collect();
+                return if keysets.is_empty() {
+                    Err(Error::UnknownKeySet)
+                } else {
+                    Ok(keysets)
+                };
+            }
+
+            tokio::time::sleep(RETRY_SLEEP).await;
+        }
+
+        Err(Error::UnknownKeySet)
+    }
+
+    /// Get all active keysets for the mint (cache-first with automatic refresh)
+    pub async fn get_active_keysets(&self) -> Result<Vec<Arc<KeySetInfo>>, Error> {
+        for _ in 0..MAX_RETRY {
+            let cache = self.cache.load();
+            if cache.is_ready {
+                return Ok(cache.active_keysets.clone());
+            }
+            tokio::time::sleep(RETRY_SLEEP).await;
+        }
+
+        Err(Error::UnknownKeySet)
+    }
+
+    /// Trigger a refresh and wait for it to complete
+    ///
+    /// Sends a refresh message to the background task and waits up to 5 seconds
+    /// for the cache to be updated with a newer version.
+    pub async fn refresh(&self) -> Result<Vec<KeySetInfo>, Error> {
+        let last_version = self.cache.load().refresh_version;
+
+        self.send_message(MessageToWorker::FetchMint);
+
+        for _ in 0..MAX_RETRY {
+            if let Some(keysets) = {
+                let cache = self.cache.load();
+                if last_version < cache.refresh_version {
+                    Some(
+                        cache
+                            .keysets_by_id
+                            .values()
+                            .map(|ks| (**ks).clone())
+                            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            } {
+                return Ok(keysets);
+            }
+
+            tokio::time::sleep(RETRY_SLEEP).await;
+        }
+
+        Err(Error::UnknownKeySet)
+    }
+
+    /// Trigger a refresh (non-blocking)
+    pub fn refresh_now(&self) {
+        self.send_message(MessageToWorker::FetchMint);
+    }
+}

crates/cdk/src/wallet/key_manager/worker.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,444 @@
+//! Background worker for fetching and refreshing mint keys
+
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use arc_swap::ArcSwap;
+use cdk_common::database::{self, WalletDatabase};
+use cdk_common::mint_url::MintUrl;
+use cdk_common::KeySet;
+use tokio::time::sleep;
+
+use super::MintKeyCache;
+use crate::nuts::Id;
+#[cfg(feature = "auth")]
+use crate::wallet::AuthMintConnector;
+use crate::wallet::MintConnector;
+use crate::Error;
+
+/// Messages for the background refresh task
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(super) enum MessageToWorker {
+    /// Stop the refresh task
+    Stop,
+
+    /// Fetch keys from the mint immediately
+    FetchMint,
+}
+
+/// Load a specific keyset from database or HTTP
+///
+/// First checks the database for the keyset. If not found,
+/// fetches from the mint server via HTTP and persists to database.
+async fn load_keyset_from_db_or_http(
+    mint_url: &MintUrl,
+    client: &Arc<dyn MintConnector + Send + Sync>,
+    storage: &Arc<dyn WalletDatabase<Err = database::Error> + Send + Sync>,
+    keyset_id: &Id,
+) -> Result<KeySet, Error> {
+    // Try database first
+    if let Some(keys) = storage.get_keys(keyset_id).await? {
+        tracing::debug!("Loaded keyset {} from database for {}", keyset_id, mint_url);
+
+        // Get keyset info to construct KeySet
+        if let Some(keyset_info) = storage.get_keyset_by_id(keyset_id).await? {
+            return Ok(KeySet {
+                id: *keyset_id,
+                unit: keyset_info.unit,
+                final_expiry: keyset_info.final_expiry,
+                keys,
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Not in database, fetch from HTTP
+    tracing::debug!(
+        "Keyset {} not in database, fetching from mint server for {}",
+        keyset_id,
+        mint_url
+    );
+
+    let keyset = client.get_mint_keyset(*keyset_id).await?;
+    keyset.verify_id()?;
+
+    // Persist to database
+    storage.add_keys(keyset.clone()).await.inspect_err(|e| {
+        tracing::warn!(
+            "Failed to persist keyset {} for {}: {}",
+            keyset_id,
+            mint_url,
+            e
+        )
+    })?;
+
+    tracing::debug!("Loaded keyset {} from HTTP for {}", keyset_id, mint_url);
+
+    Ok(keyset)
+}
+
+/// Load cached mint data from storage backend
+///
+/// Loads keysets and keys from storage.
+/// Marks cache as ready only if mint_info was found.
+///
+/// Returns a MintKeyCache that may or may not be ready depending on what was found.
+async fn load_cache_from_storage(
+    mint_url: &MintUrl,
+    storage: &Arc<dyn WalletDatabase<Err = database::Error> + Send + Sync>,
+) -> Result<MintKeyCache, Error> {
+    tracing::debug!("Loading cache from storage for {}", mint_url);
+
+    let mut cache = MintKeyCache::empty();
+
+    // Load mint info
+    match storage.get_mint(mint_url.clone()).await {
+        Ok(Some(mint_info)) => {
+            tracing::debug!("Found mint info in storage for {}", mint_url);
+            cache.mint_info = Some(mint_info);
+        }
+        Ok(None) => {
+            tracing::debug!("No mint info in storage for {}", mint_url);
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            tracing::warn!(
+                "Error loading mint info from storage for {}: {}",
+                mint_url,
+                e
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Load keysets
+    match storage.get_mint_keysets(mint_url.clone()).await {
+        Ok(Some(keysets)) if !keysets.is_empty() => {
+            tracing::debug!(
+                "Loaded {} keysets from storage for {}",
+                keysets.len(),
+                mint_url
+            );
+
+            for keyset in keysets {
+                cache
+                    .keysets_by_id
+                    .insert(keyset.id, Arc::new(keyset.clone()));
+
+                if keyset.active {
+                    cache.active_keysets.push(Arc::new(keyset));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(_) => {
+            tracing::debug!("No keysets in storage for {}", mint_url);
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            tracing::warn!("Error loading keysets from storage for {}: {}", mint_url, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Load keys for each keyset
+    for keyset_id in cache.keysets_by_id.keys() {
+        match storage.get_keys(keyset_id).await {
+            Ok(Some(keys)) => {
+                cache.keys_by_id.insert(*keyset_id, Arc::new(keys));
+            }
+            Ok(None) => {
+                tracing::debug!(
+                    "No keys for keyset {} in storage for {}",
+                    keyset_id,
+                    mint_url
+                );
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                tracing::warn!(
+                    "Error loading keys for keyset {} from storage for {}: {}",
+                    keyset_id,
+                    mint_url,
+                    e
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Only mark ready if we have mint_info
+    cache.is_ready = cache.mint_info.is_some();
+
+    Ok(cache)
+}
+
+/// Persist the current cache to storage
+async fn write_cache_to_storage(
+    mint_url: &MintUrl,
+    storage: &Arc<dyn WalletDatabase<Err = database::Error> + Send + Sync>,
+    cache: &Arc<ArcSwap<MintKeyCache>>,
+) {
+    let cache_snapshot = cache.load();
+
+    // Save mint info
+    if let Some(mint_info) = &cache_snapshot.mint_info {
+        storage
+            .add_mint(mint_url.clone(), Some(mint_info.clone()))
+            .await
+            .inspect_err(|e| tracing::warn!("Failed to save mint info for {}: {}", mint_url, e))
+            .ok();
+    }
+
+    // Save keysets (via add_mint_keysets which takes mint_url and keysets)
+    let keysets: Vec<_> = cache_snapshot
+        .keysets_by_id
+        .values()
+        .map(|ks| (**ks).clone())
+        .collect();
+
+    if !keysets.is_empty() {
+        storage
+            .add_mint_keysets(mint_url.clone(), keysets)
+            .await
+            .inspect_err(|e| tracing::warn!("Failed to save keysets for {}: {}", mint_url, e))
+            .ok();
+    }
+
+    // Save keys
+    for (keyset_id, keys) in &cache_snapshot.keys_by_id {
+        if let Some(keyset_info) = cache_snapshot.keysets_by_id.get(keyset_id) {
+            let keyset = KeySet {
+                id: *keyset_id,
+                unit: keyset_info.unit.clone(),
+                final_expiry: keyset_info.final_expiry,
+                keys: (**keys).clone(),
+            };
+
+            storage
+                .add_keys(keyset)
+                .await
+                .inspect_err(|e| {
+                    tracing::warn!(
+                        "Failed to save keys for keyset {} for {}: {}",
+                        keyset_id,
+                        mint_url,
+                        e
+                    )
+                })
+                .ok();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Try to load cache from storage and update if successful
+async fn try_load_cache_from_storage(
+    mint_url: &MintUrl,
+    storage: &Arc<dyn WalletDatabase<Err = database::Error> + Send + Sync>,
+    cache: &Arc<ArcSwap<MintKeyCache>>,
+) {
+    match load_cache_from_storage(mint_url, storage).await {
+        Ok(loaded_cache) if loaded_cache.is_ready => {
+            tracing::info!("Successfully loaded cache from storage for {}", mint_url);
+            let old_version = cache.load().refresh_version;
+            let mut new_cache = loaded_cache;
+            new_cache.refresh_version = old_version + 1;
+            cache.store(Arc::new(new_cache));
+        }
+        Ok(_) => {
+            tracing::debug!("Storage cache for {} exists but not ready", mint_url);
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            tracing::warn!("Failed to load cache from storage for {}: {}", mint_url, e);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Fetch fresh mint data from HTTP and update cache
+///
+/// Steps:
+/// 1. Fetches mint info from server
+/// 2. Fetches keyset list
+/// 3. Fetches keys for each keyset
+/// 4. Updates in-memory cache atomically
+/// 5. Persists all data to storage
+async fn fetch_mint_data_from_http(
+    mint_url: &MintUrl,
+    client: &Arc<dyn MintConnector + Send + Sync>,
+    #[cfg(feature = "auth")] auth_client: &Arc<dyn AuthMintConnector + Send + Sync>,
+    storage: &Arc<dyn WalletDatabase<Err = database::Error> + Send + Sync>,
+    cache: &Arc<ArcSwap<MintKeyCache>>,
+) {
+    tracing::debug!("Fetching mint data from HTTP for {}", mint_url);
+
+    let mut new_cache = MintKeyCache::empty();
+
+    // Fetch mint info
+    match client.get_mint_info().await {
+        Ok(mint_info) => {
+            tracing::debug!("Fetched mint info for {}", mint_url);
+            new_cache.mint_info = Some(mint_info);
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            tracing::error!("Failed to fetch mint info for {}: {}", mint_url, e);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Fetch keysets
+    let keysets = match client.get_mint_keysets().await {
+        Ok(response) => response.keysets,
+        Err(e) => {
+            tracing::error!("Failed to fetch keysets for {}: {}", mint_url, e);
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "auth")]
+    let keysets = match auth_client.get_mint_blind_auth_keysets().await {
+        Ok(response) => {
+            let mut keysets = keysets;
+            keysets.extend(response.keysets);
+            keysets
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            tracing::error!("Failed to fetch keysets for {}: {}", mint_url, e);
+            keysets
+        }
+    };
+
+    tracing::debug!("Fetched {} keysets for {}", keysets.len(), mint_url);
+
+    // Fetch keys for each keyset
+    for keyset_info in keysets {
+        let keyset_arc = Arc::new(keyset_info.clone());
+        new_cache
+            .keysets_by_id
+            .insert(keyset_info.id, keyset_arc.clone());
+
+        if keyset_info.active {
+            new_cache.active_keysets.push(keyset_arc);
+        }
+
+        // Load keys (from DB or HTTP)
+        if let Ok(keyset) =
+            load_keyset_from_db_or_http(mint_url, client, storage, &keyset_info.id).await
+        {
+            new_cache
+                .keys_by_id
+                .insert(keyset_info.id, Arc::new(keyset.keys));
+        } else {
+            tracing::warn!(
+                "Failed to load keys for keyset {} for {}",
+                keyset_info.id,
+                mint_url
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Update cache atomically
+    let old_version = cache.load().refresh_version;
+    new_cache.is_ready = true;
+    new_cache.last_refresh = std::time::Instant::now();
+    new_cache.refresh_version = old_version + 1;
+
+    tracing::info!(
+        "Updating cache for {} with {} keysets (version {})",
+        mint_url,
+        new_cache.keysets_by_id.len(),
+        new_cache.refresh_version
+    );
+
+    let cache_arc = Arc::new(new_cache);
+    cache.store(cache_arc.clone());
+
+    // Persist to storage
+    write_cache_to_storage(mint_url, storage, cache).await;
+}
+
+/// Execute a single refresh task
+///
+/// Calls fetch_mint_data_from_http and handles any errors
+async fn refresh_mint_task(
+    mint_url: MintUrl,
+    client: Arc<dyn MintConnector + Send + Sync>,
+    #[cfg(feature = "auth")] auth_client: Arc<dyn AuthMintConnector + Send + Sync>,
+    storage: Arc<dyn WalletDatabase<Err = database::Error> + Send + Sync>,
+    cache: Arc<ArcSwap<MintKeyCache>>,
+) {
+    fetch_mint_data_from_http(
+        &mint_url,
+        &client,
+        #[cfg(feature = "auth")]
+        &auth_client,
+        &storage,
+        &cache,
+    )
+    .await;
+}
+
+/// Background refresh loop for a single mint
+///
+/// Listens for messages and periodically refreshes mint data.
+/// Runs until a Stop message is received.
+pub(super) async fn refresh_loop(
+    mint_url: MintUrl,
+    client: Arc<dyn MintConnector + Send + Sync>,
+    #[cfg(feature = "auth")] auth_client: Arc<dyn AuthMintConnector + Send + Sync>,
+    storage: Arc<dyn WalletDatabase<Err = database::Error> + Send + Sync>,
+    cache: Arc<ArcSwap<MintKeyCache>>,
+    mut rx: tokio::sync::mpsc::Receiver<MessageToWorker>,
+    refresh_interval: Duration,
+) {
+    tracing::debug!(
+        "Starting refresh loop for {} (interval: {:?})",
+        mint_url,
+        refresh_interval
+    );
+
+    // Try to load from storage first
+    try_load_cache_from_storage(&mint_url, &storage, &cache).await;
+
+    // Perform initial refresh from HTTP
+    tracing::debug!("Performing initial HTTP refresh for {}", mint_url);
+    refresh_mint_task(
+        mint_url.clone(),
+        client.clone(),
+        #[cfg(feature = "auth")]
+        auth_client.clone(),
+        storage.clone(),
+        cache.clone(),
+    )
+    .await;
+
+    // Main event loop
+    loop {
+        tokio::select! {
+            Some(msg) = rx.recv() => {
+                match msg {
+                    MessageToWorker::Stop => {
+                        tracing::debug!("Stopping refresh loop for {}", mint_url);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    MessageToWorker::FetchMint => {
+                        tracing::debug!("Manual refresh triggered for {}", mint_url);
+                        refresh_mint_task(
+                            mint_url.clone(),
+                            client.clone(),
+                            #[cfg(feature = "auth")]
+                            auth_client.clone(),
+                            storage.clone(),
+                            cache.clone(),
+                        ).await;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            _ = sleep(refresh_interval) => {
+                tracing::debug!("Time to refresh mint: {}", mint_url);
+                refresh_mint_task(
+                    mint_url.clone(),
+                    client.clone(),
+                    #[cfg(feature = "auth")]
+                    auth_client.clone(),
+                    storage.clone(),
+                    cache.clone(),
+                ).await;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    tracing::debug!("Refresh loop ended for {}", mint_url);
+}

crates/cdk/src/wallet/keysets.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 
 use cdk_common::amount::{FeeAndAmounts, KeysetFeeAndAmounts};
 use cdk_common::nut02::{KeySetInfos, KeySetInfosMethods};
-use cdk_common::CurrencyUnit;
 use tracing::instrument;
 
 use crate::nuts::{Id, KeySetInfo, Keys};
@@ -15,11 +14,7 @@ impl Wallet {
     /// If keys are not cached, triggers a refresh and waits briefly before checking again.
     #[instrument(skip(self))]
     pub async fn load_keyset_keys(&self, keyset_id: Id) -> Result<Keys, Error> {
-        Ok((*self
-            .key_manager
-            .get_keys(&self.mint_url, &keyset_id)
-            .await?)
-            .clone())
+        Ok((*self.key_manager.get_keys(&keyset_id).await?).clone())
     }
 
     /// Get keysets from KeyManager cache or trigger refresh if missing
@@ -30,7 +25,13 @@ impl Wallet {
     /// but will fall back to online if needed.
     #[instrument(skip(self))]
     pub async fn load_mint_keysets(&self) -> Result<Vec<KeySetInfo>, Error> {
-        self.key_manager.get_keysets(&self.mint_url).await
+        Ok(self
+            .key_manager
+            .get_keysets()
+            .await?
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter(|x| x.unit == self.unit && x.active)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>())
     }
 
     /// Get keysets from KeyManager cache only - pure offline operation
@@ -42,10 +43,10 @@ impl Wallet {
     pub async fn get_mint_keysets(&self) -> Result<Vec<KeySetInfo>, Error> {
         let keysets = self
             .key_manager
-            .get_keysets(&self.mint_url)
+            .get_keysets()
             .await?
             .into_iter()
-            .filter(|k| k.unit != CurrencyUnit::Auth)
+            .filter(|k| k.unit == self.unit && k.active)
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
         if !keysets.is_empty() {
@@ -66,10 +67,10 @@ impl Wallet {
 
         let keysets = self
             .key_manager
-            .refresh(&self.mint_url)
+            .refresh()
             .await?
             .into_iter()
-            .filter(|k| self.unit == k.unit && k.active)
+            .filter(|k| k.unit == self.unit && k.active)
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
         if !keysets.is_empty() {
@@ -101,7 +102,7 @@ impl Wallet {
     /// returns an error. Use this for offline operations or when you want to avoid network calls.
     #[instrument(skip(self))]
     pub async fn get_active_keyset(&self) -> Result<KeySetInfo, Error> {
-        let active_keysets = self.key_manager.get_active_keysets(&self.mint_url).await?;
+        let active_keysets = self.key_manager.get_active_keysets().await?;
 
         active_keysets
             .into_iter()
@@ -116,7 +117,7 @@ impl Wallet {
     /// from the KeyManager cache. This is an offline operation that does not contact the mint.
     /// If no keysets are cached, returns an error.
     pub async fn get_keyset_fees_and_amounts(&self) -> Result<KeysetFeeAndAmounts, Error> {
-        let keysets = self.key_manager.get_keysets(&self.mint_url).await?;
+        let keysets = self.key_manager.get_keysets().await?;
 
         let mut fees = HashMap::new();
         for keyset in keysets {

crates/cdk/src/wallet/mod.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ use cdk_common::amount::FeeAndAmounts;
 use cdk_common::database::{self, WalletDatabase};
 use cdk_common::subscription::WalletParams;
 use getrandom::getrandom;
-use key_manager::KeySubscription;
 use subscription::{ActiveSubscription, SubscriptionManager};
 #[cfg(feature = "auth")]
 use tokio::sync::RwLock;
@@ -88,11 +87,10 @@ pub struct Wallet {
     pub unit: CurrencyUnit,
     /// Storage backend
     pub localstore: Arc<dyn WalletDatabase<Err = database::Error> + Send + Sync>,
-    /// Centralized key manager (lock-free cached key access)
+    /// Key manager for this mint (lock-free cached key access)
     pub key_manager: Arc<key_manager::KeyManager>,
     /// The targeted amount of proofs to have at each size
     pub target_proof_count: usize,
-    _key_sub_id: Arc<KeySubscription>,
     #[cfg(feature = "auth")]
     auth_wallet: Arc<RwLock<Option<AuthWallet>>>,
     seed: [u8; 64],
@@ -224,10 +222,7 @@ impl Wallet {
         let mut fee_per_keyset = HashMap::new();
 
         for keyset_id in proofs_per_keyset.keys() {
-            let mint_keyset_info = self
-                .key_manager
-                .get_keyset_by_id(&self.mint_url, keyset_id)
-                .await?;
+            let mint_keyset_info = self.key_manager.get_keyset_by_id(keyset_id).await?;
             fee_per_keyset.insert(*keyset_id, mint_keyset_info.input_fee_ppk);
         }
 
@@ -241,7 +236,7 @@ impl Wallet {
     pub async fn get_keyset_count_fee(&self, keyset_id: &Id, count: u64) -> Result<Amount, Error> {
         let input_fee_ppk = self
             .key_manager
-            .get_keyset_by_id(&self.mint_url, keyset_id)
+            .get_keyset_by_id(keyset_id)
             .await?
             .input_fee_ppk;
 

crates/cdk/src/wallet/swap.rs

@@ -49,10 +49,7 @@ impl Wallet {
             .get_keyset_fees_and_amounts_by_id(active_keyset_id)
             .await?;
 
-        let active_keys = self
-            .key_manager
-            .get_keys(&self.mint_url, &active_keyset_id)
-            .await?;
+        let active_keys = self.key_manager.get_keys(&active_keyset_id).await?;
 
         let post_swap_proofs = construct_proofs(
             swap_response.signatures,

misc/fake_itests.sh

@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ done
 
 # Run first test
 echo "Running fake_wallet test"
-cargo test -p cdk-integration-tests --test fake_wallet
+cargo test -p cdk-integration-tests --test fake_wallet -- --nocapture
 status1=$?
 
 # Exit immediately if the first test failed
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ fi
 
 # Run second test only if the first one succeeded
 echo "Running happy_path_mint_wallet test"
-cargo test -p cdk-integration-tests --test happy_path_mint_wallet
+cargo test -p cdk-integration-tests --test happy_path_mint_wallet --  --nocapture
 status2=$?
 
 # Exit if the second test failed